Reducing bitterness perception of coffee beverages and products

ABSTRACT

Coffee beverage products are treated to reduce the level of bitterness perceived by the beverage consumer by producing coffee products which will yield beverages containing an effective amount of a food acid such as citric acid. Alternatively effective amounts of the food acid may be added to the coffee beverage itself.

United States Patent [191 Clinton et al.

[451 Aug. 21, 1973 REDUCING BITTERNESS PERCEPTION OF COFFEE BEVERAGES AND PRODUCTS [75] Inventors: William P. Clinton, Monsey; Joel R. Kaplan, Ossining; Philip J. Capasso, Goshen, all of NY.

[73] Assignee: General Foods Corporation, White Plains, NY.

[22] Filed: June 9, 1971 [21] Appl. No.: 151,534

[52] US. Cl. 99/65, 99/71 [51] Int. Cl. A23f 1/04 [58] Field of Search 99/65, 71, 140

[56] References Cited OTHER PUBLICATIONS Sivetz, Coffee Processing Technology", 1963, pp. 73,

Gardner, Food Acidulants", 1966, pp. 112 and 172-713.

Primary Examiner-Frank W. Lu'tter Assistant Examiner-William L. Mentlik Attorney-Thomas R. Savoie, Daniel J. Donovan and Bruno P. Struzzi 5 7] ABSTRACT 6 Claims, No Drawings REDUCING BITTERNESS PERCEPTION OF COFFEE BEVERAGES AND PRODUCTS This invention relates to improved coffee beverage compositions that have been treated to reduce or to remove undesirable bitter notes oftentimes detected by the consumer. The invention also relates to processes for preparing coffee products which will produce the improved beverage compositions.

Aqueous coffee beverages have widespread and popular appeal to consumers, primarily because of their flavors, but also because of other properties such as their mild stimulating effects. Occasionally, such beverages include undesirable bitter taste notes. These bitter notes may arise from the use of bitter coffee beans or through improper processing of the coffee beans such as by over-roasting or over extracting. Bitter taste notes may also arise from extended standing of the coffee liquor after extraction, while in contact with the atmosphere. Coffee that contains a high level of bitterness is not only undesirable flavorwise, but the bitterness is.

retained in the mouth as an aftertaste.

It is an object of this invention to reduce the level of bitterness in coffee beverages through the use of selected food acids. This invention is useful both in the production of soluble coffees and roasted and ground coffees. The food acid may be added to the coffee product at any time after the roasting operation including addition of the food acid directly to the liquid coffee beverage. More specifically, the food acid may be added to the liquid coffee extract prior to drying the extract to a soluble powder; alternatively, the food acid may be dry-blended with either a soluble coffee powder or with roasted and ground coffee.

It has been found according to this invention that selected food acids are capable of reducing the perception of bitterness at levels as low as about 3 milligrams (mg) of acid for each gram of soluble coffee solids present in the coffee beverage. For conventional hot coffee beverages, containing approximately 3 grams of may be necessary to add surplus amounts of the acid to provide for any degradation of the acid that may occur either during the drying or percolating operations. The presence of food acids in liquid coffee extracts, especially during the production of soluble coffee powders, may also be beneficial in reducing the amount of oxidation that occurs within the extract both on standing and/or during drying.

The precise mechanism by which the food acids are able to accomplish the purpose of this invention has not been fully ascertained. it has been postulated, however,

ghmhe food acids chemically complex with the compound sffhat are responsible for the bitmoi teii perceived by coffee consumers.

The advantages of this invention are illustrated by comparisons wherein coffee beverages prepared from various coffee products were evaluated, with and without the additions of various food acids, by a panel of expert coffee tasters. In these laboratory taste tests a control (not acid) beverage was assigned a bitterness rating of 10 on a bitterness scale of 0 to 10 with decreased bitterness denoted 'by numbers less than 10 and a complete absence of bitterness rated as 0.

Identical coffee beverages, to which was added a measured amount of acid, were evaluated for level of bitterness against their respective controls. The amount of acid added to each beverage is expressed in terms of milligrams (mg) of acid per cup (8 ounces) of coffee beverage, each cup containing 3.2 grams of soluble coffee solids and having a coffee solids concentration of 1.35 percent. The acids were added to, the cups of coffee beverages in increments of mg to determine the acid level where (l) the panel could first perceive a slight reduction in bitterness (threshold level), (2) the panel could identify a range of acid addition which optimizes bitterness reduction without imparting acid or sour notes (good range), and (3) the panel could first detect acid or sour notes (high level). The results for the addition of citric acid are summarized in Table l.

TABLE 1 Initial Citric Citric Citric bitteracid Bitteracid Bitteracid ness threshold ness good u high Coffee product rating level, mg. rating range, mg rating level, mg.

Agglomerated spray dried coflee (Instant Maxwell House)- 10 9 20-25 8 30 Roast and ground coilee (Maxwell House Vacuum Pets) 10 10 9 -20 9 25 Roast and ground coflee (75% Robusta blend) 10 2O 9 -30 8 35 R & G decafielnated coffee (Sanka) 9 -35 9 4O Bitterness Scale: Bitterness rating of 10 is assigned to beverage with no citric acid on a scale of 0 to 10 with decreased bitterness denoted as less than 10 and an absence of bitterness denoted as 0.

coffee solids per 8 ounce cup, a range of at least 3 to 15 mg. of acid per gram of coffee solids has been found effective to significantly reduce bitterness perception without imparting significant acid notes. This range roughly converts to an acid level of 10 to mg. of acid per 8 ounce cup.

Higher levels of acid addition are also efi'ective to reduce the preception of bitterness and may be employed if it is desired to also impart an acid or sour note to the cofiee beverage. Additionally it has been found that when this invention is adapted to powdered iced coffee beverage mixes a higher acid level may be required to significantly reduce bitterness perception.

When the food acid is added to liquid coffee extract prior to drying (e.g., spray drying, freeze drying, etc.) or to roasted and ground coffee prior to percolation, it

Adipic acid and fumaric acid wereeach substituted for the citric acid in the coffee beverages prepared ,from the agglomerated spray dried cofi'ee product and were found to have an equally beneficial effect. Amixture of acetic and pyruvic acids (5 parts acetic to 1 part pyruvic) was found to have a slightly different effect the coffee beverage the greater is the amount of acid required to significantly reduce the bitterness.

The effect of citric acid on coffee beverages prepared from a standard green coffee blend, roasted in a labora- 4 Having thus described the invention, what is claimed is:

l. A coffee product consisting of coffee and an amount of food acid effective to reduce the bitterness tory, one-pound roaster for varying lengths of time was 5 perception in coffee beverages produced therefrom evaluated. A plurality of eight ounce cups of coffee without imparting significant acid notes, the ,food acid (1.2 percent solids concentration) were prepared from being present in an amount sufficient to enable produceach roasted and ground coffee by precolating each of tion of coffee beverages containing from 3 to 15 millithe coffees in the same manner. The results are set grams of acid per gram of soluble coffee solids, and the forth in Table 2. As in Table 1 each control beverage food acid being selected from the group consisting of (no acid) was assigned a bitterness level of 10 and bevcitric acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, mixtures of acetic erages with varying amounts of acid were compared and pyruvic acids and combinations thereof. against their respective control. 2. A coffee product according to claim 1 wherein the TABLE 2 Coffee product Initial Threshbitterold Bltter- Good Bitter- High Roast ness level, ness range, ness level, Roast time color rating mg. rating mg. rating mg.

6min 71 10 20 9 2540 s 35 9min "s4 10 9 -25 8 30 11 min 45 1o 9.5 -35 9 12.4 min 35 1o 35 3.5 4045 s 50 Refer to Table 1.

"Standard.

As is apparent from the description herein the 25 food acid is added to a soluble coffee powder. amount of acid present in the coffee beverage which 3. A coffee product according to claim 1 wherein the will be effective to significantly reduce bitterness will food acid is added to a roast and ground coffee. vary depending on both the nature of the coffee bever- 4. A coffee product according to claim 3 wherein the age itself and also the particular acid employed. Howroast and ground cofiee has been overroasted. ever, oneskilled in the art will be readily able to adapt 5. A coffee product according to claim 1 wherein the the teachings of this invention to his own needs. It will food acid is added to liquid coffee extract and the exaiso be apparent that there are variations and modificatract is then dried to produce a soluble powder. trons of this invention and that the typical operating 6. A coffee product according to claim 1 wherein the procedures may be varied without departing from the food acid is citric acid. scope of the invention. 35 r 

2. A coffee product according to claim 1 wherein the food acid is added to a soluble coffee powder.
 3. A coffee product according to claim 1 wherein the food acid is added to a roast and ground coffee.
 4. A coffee product according to claim 3 wherein the roast and ground coffee has been overroasted.
 5. A coffee product according to claim 1 wherein the food acid is added to liquid coffee extract and the extract is then dried to produce a soluble powder.
 6. A coffee product according to claim 1 wherein the food acid is citric acid. 